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Philosopher's stone
The philosopher's stone, or stone of the philosophers ((ラテン語:lapis philosophorum)) is a legendary alchemical substance capable of turning base metals such as mercury into gold () or silver. It is also able to extend one's life and called the elixir of life, useful for rejuvenation and for achieving immortality; for many centuries, it was the most sought-after goal in alchemy. The philosopher's stone was the central symbol of the mystical terminology of alchemy, symbolizing perfection at its finest, enlightenment, and heavenly bliss. Efforts to discover the philosopher's stone were known as the Magnum Opus ("Great Work").〔Heindel, Max, ''(Freemasonry and Catholicism )'', ISBN 0-911274-04-9〕
==History==
Mention of the philosopher's stone in writing can be found as far back as ''Cheirokmeta'' by Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 AD).〔Andrew Ede, Lesley B. Cormack. ''A History of Science in Society: from philosophy to utility.'' University of Toronto Press. p .66〕 Alchemical writers assign a longer history. Elias Ashmole and the anonymous author of ''Gloria Mundi'' (1620) claim that its history goes back to Adam who acquired the knowledge of the stone directly from God. This knowledge was said to be passed down through biblical patriarchs, giving them their longevity. The legend of the stone was also compared to the biblical history of the Temple of Solomon and the rejected cornerstone described in Psalm 118.〔Raphael Patai. ''The Jewish Alchemists: A History and Source Book'' Princeton University Press, 1995. p.19〕
The theoretical roots outlining the stone’s creation can be traced to Greek philosophy. Alchemists later used the classical elements, the concept of anima mundi, and Creation stories presented in texts like Plato's ''Timaeus'' as analogies for their process.〔Stanton J. Linden. ''The alchemy reader: from Hermes Trismegistus to Isaac Newton'' Cambridge University Press. 2003. p. 29.〕 According to Plato, the four elements are derived from a common source or prima materia (first matter), associated with chaos. ''Prima materia'' is also the name alchemists assign to the starting ingredient for the creation of the philosopher's stone. The importance of this philosophical first matter persisted through the history of alchemy. In the seventeenth century, Thomas Vaughan writes, "the first matter of the stone is the very same with the first matter of all things".〔Mark Haeffner. Dictionary of Alchemy: From Maria Prophetessa to Isaac Newton. Karnac Books, 2004. p.211〕
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